Present Tense को हिंदी में वर्तमान काल कहा जाता है। इसका use ऐसे actions, events और situations के लिए किया जाता है जिनका relation present time से होता है।

Present Tense का use इन situations में किया जाता है:

कोई काम regularly होता है।
कोई action इस समय चल रहा है।
कोई काम अभी-अभी complete हुआ है।
कोई action past में शुरू हुआ और अभी भी continue है।
कोई habit, fact या universal truth बताना हो।

Examples

I go to college every day.
मैं हर दिन college जाता हूं।
She is reading a book.
वह एक book पढ़ रही है।
They have completed their work.
उन्होंने अपना work complete कर लिया है।
He has been studying for two hours.
वह दो घंटे से पढ़ रहा है।

इन सभी sentences का relation present time से है, इसलिए ये Present Tense के examples हैं।

Types of Present Tense

Present Tense के चार types होते हैं:

No.	Type of Present Tense	हिंदी में पहचान
1	Simple Present Tense	Regular work, habit, fact
2	Present Continuous Tense	Action happening now
3	Present Perfect Tense	Action completed recently
4	Present Perfect Continuous Tense	Action continuing for some time

1. Simple Present Tense

Simple Present Tense को Present Indefinite Tense भी कहा जाता है।

इस tense का use regular work, habits, facts, universal truth, permanent situations और fixed schedules के लिए किया जाता है।

पहचान

Hindi sentences के end में आमतौर पर ये words आते हैं:

ता हूं
ती हूं
ते हैं
ता है
ती है
ते हो

Examples

मैं school जाता हूं।
वह खाना बनाती है।
वे cricket खेलते हैं।
Mohan English पढ़ता है।

Uses of Simple Present Tense

1. Regular Work

ऐसे actions जो daily या regularly किए जाते हैं।

I go to school every day.
मैं हर दिन school जाता हूं।
She studies at night.
वह रात में पढ़ती है।
We visit the temple every Sunday.
हम हर Sunday temple जाते हैं।

2. Habits

किसी व्यक्ति की habit बताने के लिए।

He drinks tea every morning.
वह हर सुबह tea पीता है।
She reads before sleeping.
वह सोने से पहले पढ़ती है।
They play cricket in the evening.
वे शाम को cricket खेलते हैं।

3. Universal Truth

ऐसी बातें जो हमेशा true रहती हैं।

The sun rises in the east.
सूर्य east से निकलता है।
Water boils at 100°C.
पानी 100°C पर boil होता है।
The earth moves around the sun.
पृथ्वी सूर्य के चारों ओर घूमती है।

4. Permanent Situation

ऐसी situation जो लंबे समय तक बनी रहती है।

She lives in Patna.
वह Patna में रहती है।
My father works in a bank.
मेरे father bank में काम करते हैं।
He teaches English.
वह English पढ़ाता है।

5. Fixed Schedule

Timetable या पहले से fixed program के लिए।

The train leaves at 6 p.m.
Train शाम 6 बजे निकलती है।
The class starts at 10 a.m.
Class सुबह 10 बजे शुरू होती है।
The examination begins on Monday.
Examination Monday को शुरू होता है।

Affirmative Sentence

Structure with I, We, You, They and Plural Subjects

Subject + Verb की First Form + Object

Examples

I play cricket.
We study English.
You speak Hindi.
They help poor people.
The students attend the class.

Structure with He, She, It and Singular Subject

Subject + Verb की First Form + s/es + Object

Examples

He plays cricket.
She teaches English.
Mohan goes to school.
The child cries loudly.
Ram reads a newspaper.

Rules of S and ES

He, She, It या किसी singular subject के साथ verb में s या es लगाया जाता है।

Verb Pattern	Rule	Example
Normal verb	`s` add करें	play → plays
Verb ending in ch, sh, ss, x, o	`es` add करें	wash → washes
Consonant + y	y हटाकर `ies`	study → studies
Vowel + y	केवल `s`	play → plays
Have	has हो जाता है	He has a car

More Examples

He watches television.
She washes clothes.
Ram goes to school.
The baby cries.
Mohan studies English.
She plays badminton.
He has a new laptop.

Negative Sentence

Structure with I, We, You, They and Plural Subjects

Subject + do not + Verb की First Form + Object

Structure with He, She, It and Singular Subjects

Subject + does not + Verb की First Form + Object

Important Rule

Does not के बाद main verb में s या es नहीं लगाया जाता।

Examples

I do not play football.
मैं football नहीं खेलता हूं।
We do not waste time.
हम time waste नहीं करते हैं।
They do not live here.
वे यहां नहीं रहते हैं।
He does not play cricket.
वह cricket नहीं खेलता है।
She does not cook food.
वह खाना नहीं बनाती है।
Mohan does not go to school.
Mohan school नहीं जाता है।

Incorrect and Correct

Incorrect: He does not plays cricket.
Correct: He does not play cricket.

Interrogative Sentence

Structure with I, We, You, They and Plural Subjects

Do + Subject + Verb की First Form + Object + ?

Structure with He, She, It and Singular Subjects

Does + Subject + Verb की First Form + Object + ?

Examples

Do you play cricket?
क्या तुम cricket खेलते हो?
Do they live in Patna?
क्या वे Patna में रहते हैं?
Does he go to college?
क्या वह college जाता है?
Does she teach English?
क्या वह English पढ़ाती है?
Does Mohan read a newspaper?
क्या Mohan newspaper पढ़ता है?

Wh-Question Sentences

Wh-words जैसे What, Why, Where, When, Who और How का use information पूछने के लिए होता है।

Structure

Wh-word + do/does + Subject + Verb की First Form + Object + ?

Examples

Where do you live?
तुम कहां रहते हो?
Why do they laugh?
वे क्यों हंसते हैं?
What does she teach?
वह क्या पढ़ाती है?
When does the train leave?
Train कब निकलती है?
How does he solve this problem?
वह इस problem को कैसे solve करता है?

Common Time Expressions

Simple Present Tense के साथ अक्सर ये words use होते हैं:

Time Expression	Meaning
Always	हमेशा
Usually	आमतौर पर
Often	अक्सर
Sometimes	कभी-कभी
Never	कभी नहीं
Every day	हर दिन
Every week	हर सप्ताह
On Sundays	Sundays को
Daily	रोज

Examples

She always helps me.
He usually wakes up early.
They often visit us.
I never tell a lie.
We study English every day.

2. Present Continuous Tense

Present Continuous Tense का use ऐसे action के लिए किया जाता है जो इस समय चल रहा हो या temporary situation को show करता हो।

पहचान

Hindi sentences के end में आमतौर पर ये words आते हैं:

रहा हूं
रही हूं
रहे हैं
रहा है
रही है
रहे हो

Examples

मैं खाना खा रहा हूं।
वह book पढ़ रही है।
वे cricket खेल रहे हैं।
बच्चे सो रहे हैं।

Uses of Present Continuous Tense

1. Action Happening Now

ऐसा action जो बोलते समय चल रहा हो।

I am reading a book.
मैं book पढ़ रहा हूं।
She is cooking food.
वह खाना बना रही है।
They are playing cricket.
वे cricket खेल रहे हैं।

2. Temporary Situation

ऐसी situation जो permanent नहीं है।

He is living in Delhi these days.
वह इन दिनों Delhi में रह रहा है।
I am working on a new project.
मैं एक नए project पर काम कर रहा हूं।

3. Changing Situation

धीरे-धीरे होने वाले changes के लिए।

The weather is getting colder.
Weather ठंडा हो रहा है।
Your English is improving.
तुम्हारी English improve हो रही है।

4. Near Future Plan

पहले से planned near-future action के लिए।

I am meeting my teacher tomorrow.
मैं tomorrow अपने teacher से मिल रहा हूं।
We are going to Patna next week.
हम next week Patna जा रहे हैं।

Helping Verbs

Subject	Helping Verb
I	am
He, She, It, Singular Subject	is
We, You, They, Plural Subject	are

Affirmative Sentence

Structure

Subject + am/is/are + Verb-ing + Object

Examples

I am learning English.
He is writing a letter.
She is making tea.
We are watching television.
They are playing football.
The students are preparing for the exam.

Rules for Adding ING

Verb	Rule	Result
Play	सामान्यतः `ing` add करें	playing
Read	`ing` add करें	reading
Make	final `e` हटाकर `ing`	making
Write	final `e` हटाकर `ing`	writing
Run	last consonant double करें	running
Sit	last consonant double करें	sitting
Lie	`ie` को `y` में बदलें	lying

More Examples

Come → coming
Dance → dancing
Swim → swimming
Begin → beginning
Die → dying
Study → studying

Negative Sentence

Structure

Subject + am/is/are + not + Verb-ing + Object

Examples

I am not sleeping.
मैं नहीं सो रहा हूं।
He is not watching television.
वह television नहीं देख रहा है।
She is not cooking food.
वह खाना नहीं बना रही है।
They are not playing cricket.
वे cricket नहीं खेल रहे हैं।

Interrogative Sentence

Structure

Am/Is/Are + Subject + Verb-ing + Object + ?

Examples

Am I disturbing you?
क्या मैं तुम्हें disturb कर रहा हूं?
Is he reading a book?
क्या वह book पढ़ रहा है?
Is she preparing tea?
क्या वह tea बना रही है?
Are they playing football?
क्या वे football खेल रहे हैं?
Are you learning English?
क्या तुम English सीख रहे हो?

Wh-Question Sentences

Structure

Wh-word + am/is/are + Subject + Verb-ing + Object + ?

Examples

What are you doing?
तुम क्या कर रहे हो?
Where is she going?
वह कहां जा रही है?
Why are they shouting?
वे क्यों चिल्ला रहे हैं?
Who is teaching the class?
Class कौन पढ़ा रहा है?
When are you leaving?
तुम कब जा रहे हो?

Common Time Expressions

Now
Right now
At present
At the moment
Currently
These days
Today

Examples

She is studying now.
I am working at the moment.
They are living in Patna these days.
He is preparing for the exam currently.

Stative Verbs

कुछ verbs सामान्यतः Continuous Tense में use नहीं होते, क्योंकि वे action नहीं बल्कि feeling, thought या state show करते हैं।

Common stative verbs:

Know
Believe
Understand
Like
Love
Hate
Want
Need
Remember
Prefer
Own
Belong

Correct Examples

I know the answer.
She likes tea.
He understands the problem.
This book belongs to me.

Incorrect Examples

I am knowing the answer.
She is liking tea.
He is understanding the problem.

3. Present Perfect Tense

Present Perfect Tense का use ऐसे action के लिए किया जाता है जो अभी-अभी complete हुआ हो या जिसका result present में दिखाई देता हो।

पहचान

Hindi sentences के end में आमतौर पर ये forms आते हैं:

चुका हूं
चुकी है
चुके हैं
लिया है
दिया है
किया है
गया है
आई है
समाप्त हो गया है

Examples

मैंने अपना work complete कर लिया है।
वह घर जा चुकी है।
वे खाना खा चुके हैं।
Teacher class में आ गए हैं।

Uses of Present Perfect Tense

1. Recently Completed Action

ऐसा action जो अभी-अभी complete हुआ हो।

I have completed my homework.
मैंने अपना homework complete कर लिया है।
She has prepared tea.
उसने tea बना ली है।

2. Present Result

Action past में complete हुआ है, लेकिन उसका result present में है।

He has lost his key.
उसकी key खो गई है।
I have broken my glasses.
मेरा चश्मा टूट गया है।

3. Life Experience

Life में कभी किए गए experience के लिए, जब exact time नहीं बताया गया हो।

I have visited Delhi.
मैं Delhi जा चुका हूं।
She has seen the Taj Mahal.
वह Taj Mahal देख चुकी है।

4. Unfinished Time Period

आज, इस week या इस month में complete हुए actions के लिए।

I have attended three classes today.
मैंने आज तीन classes attend की हैं।
She has written two articles this week.
उसने इस week दो articles लिखे हैं।

Helping Verbs

Subject	Helping Verb
I, We, You, They, Plural Subject	have
He, She, It, Singular Subject	has

Affirmative Sentence

Structure

Subject + has/have + Verb की Third Form + Object

Examples

I have completed my work.
We have finished the project.
You have helped me.
They have reached the station.
He has written a letter.
She has cooked food.
Mohan has gone to school.

Negative Sentence

Structure

Subject + has/have + not + Verb की Third Form + Object

Examples

I have not completed my work.
We have not received the message.
They have not reached the station.
He has not written a letter.
She has not prepared food.
Mohan has not returned home.

Interrogative Sentence

Structure

Has/Have + Subject + Verb की Third Form + Object + ?

Examples

Have you completed your homework?
Have they reached the station?
Has he written the letter?
Has she cooked food?
Has Mohan returned home?

Wh-Question Sentences

Structure

Wh-word + has/have + Subject + Verb की Third Form + Object + ?

Examples

What have you written?
Where has he gone?
Why have they left the class?
How has she solved the problem?
Who has opened the door?

Use of Since and For

Present Perfect Tense में कुछ sentences के साथ since और for आ सकते हैं, लेकिन duration वाले continuing actions के लिए Present Perfect Continuous अधिक suitable होता है।

Since

Since का use starting point के लिए होता है।

Since Monday
Since morning
Since 2020
Since 5 o’clock
Since childhood

For

For का use duration के लिए होता है।

For two hours
For three days
For five years
For a long time
For ten minutes

Common Words Used with Present Perfect

Word	Use
Just	अभी-अभी
Already	पहले ही
Yet	अभी तक
Ever	कभी
Never	कभी नहीं
Recently	हाल में
So far	अब तक
Till now	अब तक

Examples

I have just completed my work.
She has already left.
Have you finished yet?
I have never visited Mumbai.
Have you ever seen snow?
We have completed five chapters so far.

Present Perfect and Simple Past Difference

Present Perfect

Exact past time mention नहीं होता।

I have visited Delhi.

Simple Past

Exact past time mention होता है।

I visited Delhi last year.

Incorrect

I have visited Delhi last year.

Correct

I visited Delhi last year.

4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense

Present Perfect Continuous Tense का use ऐसे action के लिए किया जाता है जो past में शुरू हुआ और अभी तक continue है।

पहचान

Hindi sentences के end में सामान्यतः ये forms आते हैं:

से कर रहा हूं
से पढ़ रही है
से खेल रहे हैं
से काम कर रहा है
कई दिनों से
दो घंटे से
सुबह से

Examples

मैं दो घंटे से पढ़ रहा हूं।
वह morning से खाना बना रही है।
वे 2020 से यहां रह रहे हैं।
बारिश सुबह से हो रही है।

Uses of Present Perfect Continuous Tense

1. Action Started in the Past and Still Continuing

I have been studying for two hours.
मैं दो घंटे से पढ़ रहा हूं।
She has been teaching since 2022.
वह 2022 से पढ़ा रही है।
They have been living here for five years.
वे पांच years से यहां रह रहे हैं।

2. Recent Continuous Activity with Present Result

He is tired because he has been running.
वह tired है क्योंकि वह दौड़ रहा था।
The ground is wet because it has been raining.
Ground wet है क्योंकि बारिश हो रही है।

Helping Verbs

Subject	Helping Verb
I, We, You, They, Plural Subject	have been
He, She, It, Singular Subject	has been

Affirmative Sentence

Structure

Subject + has/have been + Verb-ing + Object + since/for + Time

Examples

I have been studying for two hours.
We have been waiting since morning.
You have been working for three days.
They have been playing since 4 p.m.
He has been reading for one hour.
She has been teaching since 2022.
It has been raining since morning.

Negative Sentence

Structure

Subject + has/have not been + Verb-ing + Object + since/for + Time

Examples

I have not been studying for two hours.
We have not been waiting since morning.
They have not been playing for long.
He has not been working since Monday.
She has not been attending class for a week.

Interrogative Sentence

Structure

Has/Have + Subject + been + Verb-ing + Object + since/for + Time + ?

Examples

Have you been studying for two hours?
Have they been waiting since morning?
Has he been working since Monday?
Has she been teaching for five years?
Has it been raining since morning?

Wh-Question Sentences

Structure

Wh-word + has/have + Subject + been + Verb-ing + Object + since/for + Time + ?

Examples

What have you been doing since morning?
Where has he been working for two years?
Why have they been waiting so long?
How long has she been teaching?
Since when have you been living here?

Since and For Difference

Since	For
Starting point बताता है	Duration बताता है
Since morning	For two hours
Since Monday	For three days
Since 2020	For five years
Since 5 p.m.	For thirty minutes
Since childhood	For a long time

Examples with Since

I have been studying since morning.
She has been living here since 2020.
He has been waiting since 5 p.m.

Examples with For

I have been studying for two hours.
She has been living here for five years.
He has been waiting for thirty minutes.

Present Tense Structure Summary

Tense	Affirmative Structure	Main Use
Simple Present	Subject + V1/V1+s-es	Habit, regular work, fact
Present Continuous	Subject + am/is/are + V-ing	Action happening now
Present Perfect	Subject + has/have + V3	Completed action
Present Perfect Continuous	Subject + has/have been + V-ing	Continuing action

Negative Structure Summary

Tense	Negative Structure
Simple Present	Subject + do/does not + V1
Present Continuous	Subject + am/is/are not + V-ing
Present Perfect	Subject + has/have not + V3
Present Perfect Continuous	Subject + has/have not been + V-ing

Interrogative Structure Summary

Tense	Interrogative Structure
Simple Present	Do/Does + Subject + V1 + ?
Present Continuous	Am/Is/Are + Subject + V-ing + ?
Present Perfect	Has/Have + Subject + V3 + ?
Present Perfect Continuous	Has/Have + Subject + been + V-ing + ?

Difference Among All Present Tenses

एक ही verb के through चारों Present Tenses को समझें:

Tense	Example	Meaning
Simple Present	I study English.	मैं regularly English पढ़ता हूं।
Present Continuous	I am studying English.	मैं अभी English पढ़ रहा हूं।
Present Perfect	I have studied English.	मैंने English पढ़ ली है।
Present Perfect Continuous	I have been studying English for two hours.	मैं दो घंटे से English पढ़ रहा हूं।

एक और example:

Tense	Example
Simple Present	She cooks food.
Present Continuous	She is cooking food.
Present Perfect	She has cooked food.
Present Perfect Continuous	She has been cooking food for one hour.

Common Errors in Present Tense

Error 1: He/She के साथ S या ES न लगाना

Incorrect: He play cricket.
Correct: He plays cricket.

Error 2: Does के बाद S या ES लगाना

Incorrect: Does she teaches English?
Correct: Does she teach English?

Error 3: Present Continuous में helping verb छोड़ना

Incorrect: She reading a book.
Correct: She is reading a book.

Error 4: Present Perfect में V2 use करना

Incorrect: He has went home.
Correct: He has gone home.

Error 5: Since और For का गलत use

Incorrect: I have been studying since two hours.
Correct: I have been studying for two hours.

Error 6: Exact Past Time के साथ Present Perfect

Incorrect: I have met him yesterday.
Correct: I met him yesterday.

Error 7: Stative Verb को Continuous में use करना

Incorrect: I am knowing him.
Correct: I know him.

Exercise 1: Identify the Tense

नीचे दिए गए sentences का tense पहचानें:

She goes to school every day.
They are playing cricket.
I have completed my homework.
He has been working since morning.
The sun rises in the east.
We are watching a movie.
She has written a letter.
It has been raining for two hours.
Mohan teaches English.
The children are sleeping.

Answers

Sentence No.	Tense
1	Simple Present
2	Present Continuous
3	Present Perfect
4	Present Perfect Continuous
5	Simple Present
6	Present Continuous
7	Present Perfect
8	Present Perfect Continuous
9	Simple Present
10	Present Continuous

Exercise 2: Fill in the Blanks

Correct form of the verb use करें:

He ______ to college every day. (go)
They ______ cricket now. (play)
She ______ her homework. (complete)
I ______ for two hours. (study)
The sun ______ in the east. (rise)
We ______ television at present. (watch)
Mohan ______ a letter. (write)
It ______ since morning. (rain)
She always ______ the truth. (speak)
The children ______ in the garden. (play)

Answers

goes
are playing
has completed
have been studying
rises
are watching
has written
has been raining
speaks
are playing

Exercise 3: Change into Negative Sentences

He plays football.
She is reading a book.
They have completed the project.
Mohan has been studying for two hours.
We attend the class regularly.

Answers

He does not play football.
She is not reading a book.
They have not completed the project.
Mohan has not been studying for two hours.
We do not attend the class regularly.

Exercise 4: Change into Interrogative Sentences

She teaches English.
They are playing cricket.
He has completed his work.
You have been waiting for one hour.
Mohan goes to school.

Answers

Does she teach English?
Are they playing cricket?
Has he completed his work?
Have you been waiting for one hour?
Does Mohan go to school?

Exercise 5: Translate into English

मैं हर दिन college जाता हूं।
वह अभी खाना बना रही है।
उन्होंने अपना काम पूरा कर लिया है।
वह दो घंटे से पढ़ रहा है।
सूर्य east से निकलता है।
क्या तुम English सीख रहे हो?
क्या उसने letter लिखा है?
वे Monday से यहां रह रहे हैं।
वह tea नहीं पीती है।
मैं सुबह से तुम्हारा wait कर रहा हूं।

Answers

I go to college every day.
She is cooking food now.
They have completed their work.
He has been studying for two hours.
The sun rises in the east.
Are you learning English?
Has she written the letter?
They have been living here since Monday.
She does not drink tea.
I have been waiting for you since morning.

Exercise 6: Correct the Sentences

He go to school every day.
She does not likes coffee.
They is playing cricket.
I have complete my work.
He has been working since two hours.
She is knowing the answer.
Does Mohan goes to college?
We has completed the project.
I am read a book.
She have been teaching since 2020.

Answers

He goes to school every day.
She does not like coffee.
They are playing cricket.
I have completed my work.
He has been working for two hours.
She knows the answer.
Does Mohan go to college?
We have completed the project.
I am reading a book.
She has been teaching since 2020.

Exercise 7: Choose the Correct Option

1. He _____ cricket every Sunday.

a. play
b. plays
c. is play
d. playing

Answer: plays

2. They _____ a movie now.

a. watch
b. watches
c. are watching
d. have watch

Answer: are watching

3. She _____ her homework.

a. has completed
b. have completed
c. completing
d. complete

Answer: has completed

4. I _____ here for five years.

a. live
b. am living
c. have been living
d. has been living

Answer: have been living

5. Does he _____ English?

a. speaks
b. speaking
c. speak
d. spoke

Answer: speak

6. It _____ since morning.

a. rains
b. is raining
c. has been raining
d. rain

Answer: has been raining

7. We _____ the project yet.

a. have not completed
b. has not completed
c. are not complete
d. does not complete

Answer: have not completed

8. The train _____ at 6 p.m.

a. leave
b. leaves
c. is leave
d. leaving

Answer: leaves

Practice Sentences

इन sentences को खुद translate करने की कोशिश करें:

मैं हर सुबह exercise करता हूं।
वह अभी अपने friend से बात कर रही है।
हमने अपना project complete कर लिया है।
Teacher एक घंटे से पढ़ा रहे हैं।
क्या वह रोज newspaper पढ़ता है?
क्या बच्चे garden में खेल रहे हैं?
क्या तुमने खाना खा लिया है?
वह 2021 से इस school में पढ़ा रही है।
मैं coffee नहीं पीता हूं।
वे अभी television नहीं देख रहे हैं।

Quick Revision

Simple Present

Use: Habit, regular action, fact और schedule

Example:
He goes to college every day.

Present Continuous

Use: Action happening now

Example:
He is going to college now.

Present Perfect

Use: Recently completed action

Example:
He has gone to college.

Present Perfect Continuous

Use: Action started in past and still continuing

Example:
He has been going to college for two years.